E-Journal VFU
type: channel
description: Open-access scientific articles in the following fields: Administration and Management Economics Informatics and Information Technologies Legal Sciences Psychology Social Activities Political Science and Public Communications Architecture and Construction Arts and Design Foreign Language Teaching Students’ Research Activities Archive - articles before 2024
publisher: ВСУ "Черноризец Храбър"
language: en
publication name: E-Journal VFU
issn: 1313-7514
items: ANALYZING THE PROCESS OF A GOOD DEATH: A SCOPING REVIEW
items: ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF PRISONERS AND OFFENDERS: A COMPARATIVE APPLICATION OF BULGARIAN AND ALBANIAN LEGISLATION
items: THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF IFRS S1 AND IFRS S2 IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED CORPORATE DISCLOSURE
items: AFFECT TOLERANCE UNDER ACTIVATION: A COMPARATIVE REGULATORY MODEL OF TRAUMA-FOCUSED THERAPIES
items: POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH
items: THE RISE OF EMOTIONAL DYSREGULATION AMONG STUDENTS IN ISRAEL:PRESENTING THE PROBLEM AND THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE GAP
items: PYRAMID ANALYSIS IN AN MS EXCEL ENVIRONMENT
items: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL BARRIERS IN THE TRANSITION TO SMART CITIES IN BULGARIA
items: STRATEGIC VISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITY SYSTEMS IN BULGARIA
items: STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING THROUGH THE HIRA HYBRID INTELLIGENT MODEL
items: MANAGEMENT OF THE ROUTER’S INPUT BUFFER FOR MPP COMPUTERS WITH A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECT NETWORK
items: PACKET TRANSFER BETWEEN ROUTERS WITH CUT-THROUGH FLOW CONTROL FOR MPP COMPUTERS CONNECTED IN A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECTION NETWORK
items: AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING APPROACH FOR TEACHING DIFFIE – HELLMAN KEY EXCHANGE PROTOCOL
items: REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE COMPETENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023–2024
items: THE CRIME UNDER ART. 343B, PAR. 3 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE IMPERATIVE REQUIREMENT THAT THE USE OF NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES BE “ESTABLISHED IN A LAWFUL MANNER”
items: ON THE UNEQUAL DISPOSITION OF THE PROBATIONARY SENTENCED OFFENDERS COMPARED TO THE EFFECTIVELY SENTENCED IN JUDICIAL REHABILITATION
items: FRANÇOIS DELSART AS A CONCEPTUAL PREDECESSOR OF MODERN DANCE
items: RELATIONSHIP DISSATISFACTION AS A FACTOR FOR INFIDELITY
items: THE DEATH AVOIDANCE PARADOX IN PSYCHIATRIC END-OF-LIFE CARE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF CLINICIAN AVOIDANCE
items: RETIREMENT TRAINING AS A POSITIVE EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION: MITIGATING AGEISM AND ENHANCING EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING THROUGH MULTIDIMENSIONAL LEARNING
items: INTEGRATED MODEL FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN LOGISTICS ANDMARKETING ACTIVITIES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES
items: КОМУНИКАЦИЯ, ОБРАТНА ВРЪЗКА И ПРАВО НА ВЪЗРАЖЕНИЕ:ПРОЦЕСУАЛНА СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТ В ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТАПЛАТФОРМА
items: ИНТЕГРАЛЕН ДИАГНОСТИЧНО-ПРОЕКТИРАЩ МОДЕЛ ЗА УСТОЙЧИВОУПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНА ПЛАТФОРМА
items: ESTIMATING AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE IN POLAND AMID GROWINGCLIMATE RISKS: TRADITIONAL, INSURANCE-BASED, AND TECHNOLOGICALMETHODS
items: VALUE ADJUSTMENT OR RISK ADJUSTMENT? PREMIUMS ANDDISCOUNTS IN CORPORATE VALUATION: THE CASE OF BROKERAGERECOMMENDATIONS
items: LINE OF THRUST AND ELASTIC EQUILIBRIUM IN MASONRY ARCHES
items: ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD UNDER EXPLOSIVE SPALLING DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
items: SAFETY ENGINEERING IN THE EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTION EXCAVATIONS
items: RETIREMENT PREPARATION AS A PREDICTOR OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING AMONG ISRAELI RETIREES: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL EXAMINATION
items: BANK LENDING AND HUMAN CAPITAL DYNAMICS IN BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LEVEL AND STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT (2009-2023)

ANALYZING THE PROCESS OF A GOOD DEATH: A SCOPING REVIEW
type: item
description: Background Dying well represents a major challenge for terminal patients, families, and healthcare staff due to emotional, existential, and structural barriers entailed in it. Aim To explore how terminal patients, families, and healthcare staff relate to the good death by synthesizing the existing empirical evidence through the prism of the SWOT framework. Design A scoping review was conducted to identify and outline key factors enhancing or hindering the process of the good death. Data Sources A systematic search via PubMed and JSTOR was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Thirteen empirical studies addressing terminal patients in hospital, hospice, or home care settings were reviewed. Results Strengths included a preference for dying at home, effective symptom management, and applying supportive interventions for terminal patients and families. Weaknesses involved inadequate support, limited patient participation in decision-making, and ethical dilemmas delaying end-of-life care. Opportunities focused on improving symptom management with emotional support and strengthening patient- and family-centered care. Threats included overmedicalization, overtreatment, and ethical challenges that hinder a good death. Conclusion The good death extends beyond symptom relief and physical condition. Ensuring more patient-centered communication, provision of emotional support, effective symptom management, and overcoming ethical barriers are essential to ensure a good death.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: Good death
  topic: keywords
subject: Palliative care
  topic: keywords
subject: end-of-life care
  topic: keywords
creator: Igal Lifshits
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-03
publication date: 2026-08-03
starting page: 382
ending page: 400
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.382-400

ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF PRISONERS AND OFFENDERS: A COMPARATIVE APPLICATION OF BULGARIAN AND ALBANIAN LEGISLATION
type: item
description: Electronic monitoring has become one of the most important instruments through which contemporary criminal justice systems seek to reduce unnecessary deprivation of liberty while preserving public safety, procedural compliance and the authority of judicial decisions. This study examines the legal architecture of electronic monitoring in Bulgaria and Albania, with particular attention to its application to prisoners, probationers, persons under house arrest and persons whose movement is restricted by a judicial decision. The Bulgarian model is analysed through the Law on the Execution of Punishments and Detention in Custody, the Criminal Procedure Code and the implementing regulation on electronic monitoring. The Albanian model is analysed through Law No. 10 494 of 22 December 2011, the probation framework and the institutional role of the Probation Service and the State Police. In addition to the comparative legal analysis, the study integrates an empirical questionnaire administered to 200 professionals, including 130 employees of penitentiary institutions and 70 employees of the Probation Service. The findings show a high professional acceptance of electronic monitoring as an alternative to imprisonment, but also identify insufficient technical capacity, partial training, lack of uniform protocols and the need for stronger legal and institutional safeguards. The study argues that electronic monitoring should not be treated as a merely technical substitute for imprisonment. Its legitimacy depends on legality, proportionality, risk assessment, data protection, rehabilitation-oriented supervision and independent control.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Sciences
  topic: category
subject: electronic monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: imprisonment
  topic: keywords
subject: probation
  topic: keywords
subject: house arrest
  topic: keywords
subject: prison hostels
  topic: keywords
subject: alternatives to imprisonment
  topic: keywords
subject: proportionality
  topic: keywords
subject: rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Noel Veizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 368
ending page: 381

THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF IFRS S1 AND IFRS S2 IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED CORPORATE DISCLOSURE
type: item
description: The study presents IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 as foundational elements of the new global regulatory framework for sustainability‑oriented corporate reporting, established by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). These standards are positioned as the cornerstone of sustainability‑related disclosure, aiming to ensure conceptual consistency, methodological clarity, and global comparability of corporate reporting practices. From a theoretical perspective, the study highlights the integration between financial and non‑financial reporting, introduced by the ISSB framework through the principle of connectivity of information. IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 do not treat sustainability as a separate or peripheral component, but rather as an integral part of financial information (even when referred to as “non‑financial”), relevant to the assessment of future cash flows, access to financing, and the cost of capital. Their investor‑oriented focus aligns with the traditional logic of IFRS, yet simultaneously conveys the message that enterprises should not perceive sustainability as an ethical declaration, but as a financially material managerial priority. At the same time, the study reveals the complexity of the practical implementation of the standards. The requirements of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 necessitate the development of sophisticated internal systems for data collection, processing, and verification, as well as a high degree of organizational coordination. This transforms sustainability reporting into a resource‑intensive process, demanding significant analytical, technological, and administrative capacity. Special attention is given to sector‑specificity, which the ISSB framework addresses through the integration of the SASB standards. Their role is presented as critical for ensuring analytical depth and relevance of disclosures, since the general principles of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 alone cannot capture the diversity of industry‑specific risks and opportunities. Thus, SASB …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: IFRS S1
  topic: keywords
subject: IFRS S2
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability-Oriented Corporate Disclosure
  topic: keywords
creator: Iva Moneva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 352
ending page: 367

AFFECT TOLERANCE UNDER ACTIVATION: A COMPARATIVE REGULATORY MODEL OF TRAUMA-FOCUSED THERAPIES
type: item
description: According to comparative efficacy studies and despite the numerous different trauma-focused psychotherapies currently in existence, the difference in efficacy between them is minimal. This paper argues that instead of focusing on comparing outcomes, a structural question is worth exploring. Namely, how exactly do these different treatments organize the emotional regulation work that patients must perform during trauma processing? This article develops a Comparative Regulatory Model, understanding diverse trauma-focused therapies as different variants of the same structural sequence, Activation → Dysregulation → Modulation → Integration, and establishing affect tolerance under activation as the central assessment variable. This model does not classify the superiority or inferiority of various treatment modalities. Its analytical purpose is to establish a common theoretical language for comparing the structures of different trauma treatments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: Affect tolerance
  topic: keywords
subject: Activation
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotion regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Freedom Techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Trauma-focused therapies
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative model
  topic: keywords
creator: Gareth Griffiths
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 338
ending page: 351
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.338-351

POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH
type: item
description: Since ancient times, there has been a belief that sometimes suffering, challenges and struggles can lead to positive personal or societal changes, even when they leave indelible scars and lasting wounds from the experience. This article seeks a therapeutic way out of traumatic injury by examining some of the available theories and practices, such as resilience and post-traumatic growth, developed to overcome the problem of trauma and achieve a positive outcome. This article also contains materials that are a continuation of the questions raised in the study “Trauma in a Religious Context” by finding corresponding growth zones in one of the five established psychological areas of PTR, which includes: Spiritual or existential change: Development of new and deeper spiritual beliefs, a sense of higher purpose or a change in one’s own philosophy of life. (1), (2), (3), (4).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: post-traumatic stress disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: post-traumatic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: the benefits of suffering
  topic: keywords
creator: Iliya Savov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-29
publication date: 2026-07-29
starting page: 323
ending page: 337
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.323-337

THE RISE OF EMOTIONAL DYSREGULATION AMONG STUDENTS IN ISRAEL:PRESENTING THE PROBLEM AND THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE GAP
type: item
description: Israel's education system faces a marked rise in emotional dysregulation among students, significantly exacerbated by the psychosocial consequences of two defining crises: the COVID-19 pandemic, including the closure of educational institutions, disruption of routine, and social isolation, and the events of October 7, 2023, and the ongoing war, which gave rise to anxiety, trauma, and sustained security uncertainty. Data from the National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education (RAMA, 2024) indicate that only 58% of students feel their teachers listen to and care for them; 36% report difficulty controlling themselves when angry. Emotional regulation, the ability to manage, understand, and adaptively control emotions, is a central factor in academic, social, and psychological success. Nevertheless, a significant research gap exists in the Israeli context: no systematic study has examined the psychological mechanisms influencing emotional regulation development among elementary school students, particularly the role of relationships with significant adult figures, against the backdrop of recent crises. This article presents the scope of the problem, reviews the relevant literature, and identifies the existing knowledge gap.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: emotional regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Israeli education system
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: war
  topic: keywords
subject: elementary school
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: school violence
  topic: keywords
subject: Eilat
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional development
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravid Tovim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: 297
ending page: 309
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.297-309

PYRAMID ANALYSIS IN AN MS EXCEL ENVIRONMENT
type: item
description: Return on equity is an important summary indicator for evaluating business efficiency. A detailed study of this indicator using pyramid analysis models provides different perspectives on the main aspects of the business and contributes to making strategic and tactical management decisions. This paper aims to present possibilities for embedding a pyramid analysis model in an MS Excel environment in order to automate some procedures when performing a factor analysis of the return on equity and when forecasting the dynamics of the indicator level under different methods of financing investments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: financial statement analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: pyramid analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: return on equity
  topic: keywords
creator: Krasimir Kulchev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: 310
ending page: 322

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL BARRIERS IN THE TRANSITION TO SMART CITIES IN BULGARIA
type: item
description: The transition to smart cities in Bulgaria is particularly important for sustainable urban development. However, it is being delayed due to serious financial barriers and market imperfections. Traditional budget subsidies have been exhausted, which necessitates the exploration of new market mechanisms. The article identifies the severity of financial constraints facing Bulgarian municipalities based on an empirical survey among 43 experts and the definition of a working strategic framework of alternative financial instruments. The analysis outlines six main problems. The most serious are the lack of targeted state funding, limited access to European programs due to lack of capacity and weak interest from private capital. A complex set of green bonds, social impact bonds and shared venture capital funds tied to performance indicators (KPI) is proposed as a solution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: Intelligent Cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Barriers
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Bonds
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mihail Chiprianov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
starting page: 288
ending page: 296

STRATEGIC VISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITY SYSTEMS IN BULGARIA
type: item
description: Dynamic climate and technological changes are placing new demands on urban spaces. In Bulgaria, there is a strong contrast in digital readiness between large and small municipalities. This study aims to define a long-term strategic vision for the transition to smart city systems in our country, tailored to national and local specificities. Through the application of Gap analysis, critical gaps in technological integration, cybersecurity, human resource capacity and the regulatory framework in the country have been identified. As a result of the analysis, a conceptual model has been developed, built around four main pillars (technological, environmental, civic and governance), and a Roadmap for phased institutional development and full systemic integration of the Bulgarian smart city has been proposed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: Smart cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligent cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic roadmap
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable urban development
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic planning
  topic: keywords
creator: Mihail Chiprianov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
starting page: 277
ending page: 287

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING THROUGH THE HIRA HYBRID INTELLIGENT MODEL
type: item
description: This article examines the urgent need to overcome traditional and rigid approaches to personnel management within the domestic pulp and paper industry. The main objective of the study is to identify current deficits in competency management within the sector and to propose a new proprietary model, HIRA, for agile and intelligent planning. Based on the conducted empirical study and the subsequent validation, the practical benefits of the model are demonstrated, resulting in a significant increase in the objectivity of personnel evaluation and the speed of response to production deficits.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: Human Resource Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Pulp and Paper Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic Planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Resource Planning
  topic: keywords
creator: Miroslav Marinov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-24
publication date: 2026-07-24
starting page: 257
ending page: 276

MANAGEMENT OF THE ROUTER’S INPUT BUFFER FOR MPP COMPUTERS WITH A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECT NETWORK
type: item
description: Data flow control in routers — which are among the main functional units in multiprocessor MPP systems — allocates their buffers and channel bandwidth to data units (packets and flits). Efficient implementation of this mechanism is essential for achieving high throughput and low latency. In this paper, a variant of input buffer control for receiving data into a selected FIFO queue of a router for a Double-loop Hypercube (DLH) interconnect network is presented. The analysis is performed at the low (hardware) level over a bidirectional full-duplex channel using Virtual Cut-Through flow control. Control state machines, their operating algorithms, and control signals are presented. The software component developed on this basis implements simulations of queue allocation and release during receiving data. The obtained results prove the correctness of the architectural solutions used – a high degree of utilization of the input channels, their frequency bandwidth, and throughput is achieved.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Informatics and Information Technologies
  topic: category
subject: Router
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Cut-Through (VCT)
  topic: keywords
subject: input buffer
  topic: keywords
subject: FIFO queue
  topic: keywords
subject: Flow Control Digit (flit)
  topic: keywords
creator: Milen Angelov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-23
publication date: 2026-07-23
starting page: 229
ending page: 242

PACKET TRANSFER BETWEEN ROUTERS WITH CUT-THROUGH FLOW CONTROL FOR MPP COMPUTERS CONNECTED IN A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECTION NETWORK
type: item
description: Data flow control on the routers connecting the nodes in multiprocessor MPP systems allocates their buffers and the bandwidth of their channels to the data units – packets and flits. The efficient implementation of data transfer is of essential importance for achieving high throughput and low latency. In this paper, a study of a variant of packet transfer between the output channel and the input buffer of two neighboring routers for a Double-loop Hypercube (DLH) interconnection network is presented. The transfer is implemented at a low (hardware) level over a bidirectional full-duplex channel using Virtual Cut-Through flow control. The functional units required for this purpose, their operating algorithms, and the control signals are presented. The software component developed on this basis implements the packet transfer simulation and verifies the correctness of the architectural solutions through the obtained results. The chosen approach achieves high speed in resource switching at the beginning and the end of the transmission, as well as a high degree of channel utilization and throughput. Keywords:
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Informatics and Information Technologies
  topic: category
subject: Router
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Cut-Through (VCT)
  topic: keywords
subject: input buffer
  topic: keywords
subject: FIFO queue
  topic: keywords
subject: output channel
  topic: keywords
subject: Round Robin Arbiter (RRA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Flow Control Digit (flit)
  topic: keywords
creator: Milen Angelov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-23
publication date: 2026-07-23
starting page: 243
ending page: 256

AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING APPROACH FOR TEACHING DIFFIE – HELLMAN KEY EXCHANGE PROTOCOL
type: item
description: The article presents an interactive learning approach for teaching the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. The proposed framework combines structured exercises with an interactive web-based simulation that visualizes each stage of the protocol. The learning process is organized into a sequence of tasks, starting from modular arithmetic and leading to full protocol execution and security analysis. The approach was implemented with first-year Cybersecurity and DevOps students and evaluated through a questionnaire assessing learners’ perceptions of understanding and usability. Results indicate that students reported improved understanding of the Diffie-Hellman protocol and found the visual and interactive elements helpful in understanding the computation of the shared secret. Participants also reported that the simulation helped them follow the sequence of operations in the protocol and improved engagement compared to traditional manual problem-solving. Future work will focus on controlled experimental evaluation and extension of the framework to additional public-key cryptographic algorithms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Informatics and Information Technologies
  topic: category
subject: cybersecurity education
  topic: keywords
subject: cryptography
  topic: keywords
subject: Diffie-Hellman key exchange
  topic: keywords
subject: interactive simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: modular arithmetic
  topic: keywords
subject: task-based learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilyana Dimitrova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-14
publication date: 2026-07-14
starting page: 171
ending page: 181
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.171-181

REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE COMPETENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023–2024
type: item
description: The article examines the changing requirements for human resource competencies in the context of the UNDP Human Development Report 2023–2024. It focuses on global stagnation, growing inequalities, climate and geopolitical crises, digital transformation, and political polarization as key drivers reshaping the profile of required knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The paper argues that the traditional human capital paradigm is insufficient and that a broader understanding of human agency, collective participation, and the capacity to manage uncertainty is needed. Special attention is given to the role of higher education as a critical institutional mediator for developing systems thinking, digital and AI literacy, resilience, collective action, and civic engagement. The article concludes that university curricula and skills policies need to be transformed in order to support a more equitable, sustainable, and adaptive model of social development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administration, Management and Economics
  topic: category
subject: human development
  topic: keywords
subject: competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: human resources
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: UNDP
  topic: keywords
subject: digital literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: collective action
  topic: keywords
subject: inequalities
  topic: keywords
subject: systems thinking
  topic: keywords
creator: Eleonora Tankova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 963
ending page: 976
doi: 10.53606/evfu.23.963-976

THE CRIME UNDER ART. 343B, PAR. 3 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE IMPERATIVE REQUIREMENT THAT THE USE OF NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES BE “ESTABLISHED IN A LAWFUL MANNER”
type: item
description: The act constituting the offense under Article 343b, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code consists of driving a motor vehicle after using narcotic substances or their analogues, established in a lawful manner. The offense is a violation in itself, and for it to be addressed, it is sufficient, from an objective point of view, that the act be committed, without the need for a specific harmful result to occur. For the elements of the offense under Article 343b, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code to be met, in addition to the act of driving a motor vehicle, the law requires that another constituent element be fulfilled, namely that the driving of the motor vehicle be carried out after the use of narcotic substances or their analogues. The method of establishing this circumstance in a lawful manner is also the main point of contention of this article.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Sciences
  topic: category
subject: driving a motor vehicle after using drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: blood sample
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical-toxicological analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: proof of drug use
  topic: keywords
subject: public danger
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal liability
  topic: keywords
subject: minor nature of the offense
  topic: keywords
creator: Veselin Kolev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: 220
ending page: 228
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.220-228

ON THE UNEQUAL DISPOSITION OF THE PROBATIONARY SENTENCED OFFENDERS COMPARED TO THE EFFECTIVELY SENTENCED IN JUDICIAL REHABILITATION
type: item
description: The issue of the unequal treatment of offenders who have received suspended sentences compared to those serving actual prison terms in the application of judicial rehabilitation under Article 87(1) of the Criminal Code has not been subjected to a comprehensive scholarly analysis in the legal literature. Within the criminal law academic community, only certain legal aspects related to the cumulative conditions prescribed by law for granting judicial rehabilitation have been discussed. Thus, the first prerequisite—which requires that, within three years of the expiration of the sentence imposed by the judge or reduced through community service or a pardon, the convicted person has not committed another crime punishable by imprisonment or a more severe penalty—even though it is grammatically clear—poses significant difficulties in practice when it comes to its interpretation. These difficulties stem from the conflict between Article 88a, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code and the fundamental rule of rehabilitation outlined in Article 87, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code, and boil down to answering the question of when the three-year period under Article 87, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code begins to run — from the moment the sentence imposed by the judgment, or the sentence reduced through community service or a pardon, expires, but not before the probationary period expires; or from the moment the probationary period expires, provided that no other crime was committed during that period that would have justified the activation of the suspended sentence. Although case law
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Sciences
  topic: category
subject: judicial rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: suspended sentence
  topic: keywords
subject: effective sentence
  topic: keywords
subject: unequal status
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal law
  topic: keywords
subject: prerequisites for rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: rehabilitation of convicted persons
  topic: keywords
subject: interpretation of the law
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial practice
  topic: keywords
subject: imprisonment
  topic: keywords
subject: activation of a suspended sentence
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal law theory
  topic: keywords
subject: law enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: legal certainty
  topic: keywords
creator: Veselin Kolev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: 212
ending page: 219
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.212-219

FRANÇOIS DELSART AS A CONCEPTUAL PREDECESSOR OF MODERN DANCE
type: item
description: The article examines and analyzes the role of François Delsarte as one of the principal forerunners of modern dance and explores the influence of his theory of expressive movement on the development of dance art during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The philosophical and aesthetic principles of Delsarte's system are analyzed, emphasizing the relationship between inner experience and outward gesture, as well as the unity of body, mind and emotion. Special attention is devoted to the dissemination of Delsartism in the United States through the work of Steele MacKaye and Genevieve Stebbins, who adapted and popularized the method, transforming it into the foundation of a new approach to stage practice and pedagogy. The study traces the impact of these ideas on the artistic concepts of Isadora Duncan, the Denishawn School, and Martha Graham, whose understanding of natural movement, the body's center, and emotional expressiveness may be regarded as a continuation of the fundamental principles established by Delsarte. The paper also examines the European line of influence through the systems of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Rudolf Laban, Kurt Jooss and Pina Bausch, demonstrating the continuity between Delsarte's conception of movement as a bearer of meaning and the emergence of contemporary dance theatre. On this basis, it argues that François Delsarte's contribution extends far beyond the field of actor training and should be recognized as
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arts and Design
  topic: category
subject: Delsarte
  topic: keywords
subject: modern
  topic: keywords
subject: contemporary
  topic: keywords
subject: dance
  topic: keywords
subject: expressive movement
  topic: keywords
subject: emotional expressiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: dance theatre
  topic: keywords
creator: Teodora Staneva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: 193
ending page: 211
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.193-211

RELATIONSHIP DISSATISFACTION AS A FACTOR FOR INFIDELITY
type: item
description: Satisfying marital and romantic relationships are highly valued by people all over the world. Relationship satisfaction is a well-researched predictor of subjective well-being, mental and physical health, and longevity, while relationship dissatisfaction is considered by many researchers to be a major cause of separation and divorce. Among the most dramatic consequences of low relationship satisfaction is the increased vulnerability to infidelity. This article examines relationship dissatisfaction as one of the main predictors of infidelity, from the perspective of three important aspects – lack of love, incompatibility between partners, and an unfavorable ratio between the benefits of the relationship and the costs it requires. A better understanding of the problems in couples that lead to relationship dissatisfaction may help to build on and enrich existing therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing infidelity or managing its consequences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: relationship satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: infidelity
  topic: keywords
subject: love
  topic: keywords
subject: compatibility
  topic: keywords
subject: ratio between benefits and costs
  topic: keywords
creator: Aneliya Bratinova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-14
publication date: 2026-07-14
starting page: 182
ending page: 192
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.182-192

THE DEATH AVOIDANCE PARADOX IN PSYCHIATRIC END-OF-LIFE CARE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF CLINICIAN AVOIDANCE
type: item
description: Background Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) experience high physical morbidity and reduced life expectancy yet remain underrepresented in palliative and end-of-life care. Clinicians working in psychiatric settings face complex clinical, ethical, and organizational challenges, contributing to disparities in care. Aim This paper develops a conceptual framework to explain how avoidance behaviors emerge and persist among healthcare professionals in psychiatric end-of-life care. Conceptual approach The framework is based on a conceptual synthesis of literature from palliative care, psychiatry, Terror Management Theory, experiential avoidance research, and organizational behavior. It integrates psychological and systemic perspectives to develop a multidimensional explanatory model. Proposed framework The Death Avoidance Paradox is introduced as a five-dimensional model comprising existential, emotional, cognitive, organizational, and cultural avoidance. These interrelated domains interact recursively, transforming mortality-related anxiety and clinical uncertainty into sustained patterns of professional and institutional avoidance, ultimately shaping communication and care delivery. Conclusions The framework provides a comprehensive explanation for persistent disparities in psychiatric palliative care by conceptualizing avoidance as a multilevel and dynamic process. It offers a theoretical foundation for future empirical research, clinical training, and organizational interventions aimed at improving end-of-life care for patients with SMI.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: Severe mental illness
  topic: keywords
subject: Palliative care
  topic: keywords
subject: clinician avoidance
  topic: keywords
subject: conceptual framework
  topic: keywords
subject: TMT
  topic: keywords
creator: Igal Lifshits
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-14
publication date: 2026-07-14
starting page: 161
ending page: 170
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.161-170

RETIREMENT TRAINING AS A POSITIVE EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION: MITIGATING AGEISM AND ENHANCING EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING THROUGH MULTIDIMENSIONAL LEARNING
type: item
description: The transition into retirement represents a profound developmental and psychosocial status passage that alters an individual’s identity, daily structure, and social matrix. Within contemporary longevity societies, this transition is increasingly complicated by structural ageism and stereotype threat, which can significantly undermine older adults' psychological resilience. Moving beyond traditional financial and administrative pre-retirement planning, this conceptual paper presents an integrated pedagogical and psychological framework that repositions retirement preparation as a structured "Positive Educational Intervention." Drawing upon Social Cognitive Theory, Role Theory, and Ryff’s Eudaimonic Positive Psychology matrix, we propose a mediation model wherein systematic pre-retirement training serves as a catalytic generator of cognitive, social, and health resources. This paper analyzes how specialized learning and developmental guidance drive multidimensional adjustment across physical, familial, social, and professional anchors, subsequently predicting high levels of eudaimonic psychological well-being among Israeli retirees aged 60–70. By framing retirement preparation as a transformative learning environment, the proposed model addresses a critical gap in Scopus-indexed educational gerontology literature, providing solid theoretical pathways for policymakers, human resource directors, and adult education practitioners seeking to promote successful retirement adaptation and psychological well-being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: Positive Educational Interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre-Retirement Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Eudaimonic Well-Being
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidimensional Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Ageism
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Gerontology
  topic: keywords
creator: Walid KhirAldin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-07
publication date: 2026-07-07
starting page: 132
ending page: 143
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.132-143

INTEGRATED MODEL FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN LOGISTICS ANDMARKETING ACTIVITIES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES
type: item
description: In the conditions of a dynamic economic environment, increasing competition and accelerated digital transformation, the integration between logistics and marketing activities is gaining key importance for increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Existing models are not sufficiently adapted to the specifics of SMEs and do not provide a comprehensive approach to coordination and assessment of the interaction between the two functional areas. This article presents a developed integrated model of interaction between logistics and marketing activities, based on a systematic approach and tailored to the specific characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises. Its conceptual structure, operating logic and possibilities for practical application are analyzed. It is argued that the application of the model creates prerequisites for improving interfunctional coordination, optimizing business processes and increasing the organizational efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
  topic: category
subject: integrated model
  topic: keywords
subject: logistics
  topic: keywords
subject: marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: small and medium-sized enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: functional integration
  topic: keywords
subject: management
  topic: keywords
subject: competitiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehmed Mehmedov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 144
ending page: 160

КОМУНИКАЦИЯ, ОБРАТНА ВРЪЗКА И ПРАВО НА ВЪЗРАЖЕНИЕ:ПРОЦЕСУАЛНА СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТ В ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТАПЛАТФОРМА
type: item
description: Настоящата студия разглежда комуникацията, обратната връзка и правото на възражение не като вторични комуникационни удобства в онлайн образователната платформа, а като взаимосвързани механизми на процесуална справедливост и управленска легитимност. Изследването изхожда от разбирането, че платформата не може да бъде възприемана като справедлива само защото функционира технологично ефективно или предоставя съдържателно богата среда. Тя е приемлива тогава, когато допуска участниците да бъдат чути, да получават реакция и да разполагат с реална възможност за сигнал, възражение и корекция в рамките на ясна и проследима процедура. В този смисъл централният проблем на студията не е комуникацията в общ смисъл, а управленската способност на системата да осигурява процедурна чуваемост. Студията има тематичен, междуролев и процедурно-аналитичен характер и стъпва върху вторичен сравнителен прочит на вече събран емпиричен материал от четири ролеви корпуса: ученици и обикновени потребители, учители и създатели на съдържание, родители, както и заявчици и външни заинтересовани страни. За целите на анализа данните са организирани около пет тематични ядра: достъп до комуникация и обратна връзка; право на сигнал и възможност за намеса; проследимост на реакцията; право на възражение и оспорване; и условията, при които процедурата се възприема като справедлива. Резултатите показват, че различните роли влагат различно съдържание в комуникацията, обратната връзка и правото на глас, но всички са чувствителни към едно и също условие: дали платформата допуска реален път за участие в собствените си процедури. При ученика това се проявява като нужда да бъде чут и ориентиран, при учителя — като право на професионално валидна реакция и възможност за оспорване, при родителя — като сигнал, защита и проследимост, а при външния участник — като реакция спрямо отчетността и процедурната прозрачност. На тази основа студията защитава извода, че онлайн образователната платформа е процесуално справедлива н…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administration, Management and Economics
  topic: category
subject: онлайн образователна платформа
  topic: keywords
subject: процесуална справедливост
  topic: keywords
subject: комуникация
  topic: keywords
subject: обратна връзка
  topic: keywords
subject: право на възражение
  topic: keywords
subject: платформено управление
  topic: keywords
subject: легитимност
  topic: keywords
subject: процедурна приемливост
  topic: keywords
subject: роля
  topic: keywords
subject: доверие
  topic: keywords
creator: Мариян Филипов
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 52
ending page: 90

ИНТЕГРАЛЕН ДИАГНОСТИЧНО-ПРОЕКТИРАЩ МОДЕЛ ЗА УСТОЙЧИВОУПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ОНЛАЙН ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНА ПЛАТФОРМА
type: item
description: Настоящата студия предлага интегрален диагностичнопроектиращ модел за устойчиво управление на онлайн образователна платформа. Тя изхожда от разбирането, че устойчивостта на платформата не може да бъде обяснена чрез единичен управленски фактор - нито чрез мотивацията, нито чрез контрола, нито чрез прозрачността, нито чрез технологичната ефективност или ресурсната обезпеченост сами по себе си. Устойчивостта се разглежда като координационна способност на системата да поддържа съвместимост между роли, правила, процедури, алгоритми, признание, контрол и образователна мисия. Студията има синтетичен и моделно-извеждащ характер, но не се ограничава до обобщение на предходни резултати. Нейната основна задача е да преобразува вече установени ролеви и тематични зависимости в управленска архитектура, приложима за диагностика, проектиране и усъвършенстване на реални платформени среди. Изследването използва агрегирана емпирична опора от четири ролеви анкетни корпуса с общо 494 респонденти, като данните се третират не като ново първично изследване, а като основа за калибриране на принципите на модела. Предложеният модел показва, че устойчивата онлайн образователна платформа не е тази, която максимизира един отделен елемент - участие, контрол, автоматизация, ресурс или прозрачност - а тази, която координира вътрешните си напрежения чрез легитимна управленска архитектура. В този смисъл студията има принос към полето на администрацията и управлението, като предлага не само концептуална рамка, но и основа за практически управленски анализ, организационна диагностика и проектно усъвършенстване на платформени образователни системи.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administration, Management and Economics
  topic: category
subject: онлайн образователна платформа
  topic: keywords
subject: устойчиво управление
  topic: keywords
subject: диагностичен модел
  topic: keywords
subject: платформено управление
  topic: keywords
subject: ролева архитектура
  topic: keywords
subject: алгоритмична обяснимост
  topic: keywords
subject: признание
  topic: keywords
subject: процесуална чуваемост
  topic: keywords
subject: управленска легитимност
  topic: keywords
subject: образователна мисия
  topic: keywords
creator: Мариян Филипов
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 91
ending page: 131

ESTIMATING AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE IN POLAND AMID GROWINGCLIMATE RISKS: TRADITIONAL, INSURANCE-BASED, AND TECHNOLOGICALMETHODS
type: item
description: Agriculture is one of those sectors of the economy where the risk of conducting business is particularly strongly linked to the impact of natural, climatic, and biological factors. Unlike many other sectors, where the entrepreneur can largely control the production process, agricultural production remains dependent on weather conditions, soil quality, water availability, the course of the growing season, the occurrence of plant and animal diseases, and pressure from game animals. For this reason, damage in agriculture should not be equated solely with the physical destruction of a specific asset, but also with the loss of expected production output, a decline in crop quality, a reduction in farm income, or the necessity of incurring additional expenses to restore production to a state that allows for its continuation (Lipińska, 2014). The problem of estimating agricultural damage takes on particular significance amid the increasing frequency and intensity of adverse weather events. Drought, hail, flooding, spring frosts, torrential rains, hurricanes, or the adverse effects of overwintering can lead to losses of a highly varied nature, ranging from local damage, limited to a single farm or plantation, to mass events affecting significant areas of agricultural production. The literature emphasises that climate risks are among the primary categories of threats on farms, and their 2 significance is growing as weather conditions change and crop production becomes more variable (Czekaj, 2016). A specific example of this type of risk is the adverse effects of overwintering, which may not become apparent until the start of the next growing season, making it difficult to unequivocally determine the moment the damage occurred and its actual extent (Gawrońska, 2014). Accurate determination of the extent of the damage is of fundamental importance for both the agricultural producer and the entities involved in the loss compensation process. For the farmer, the outcome of the ass…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Administration, Management and Economics
  topic: category
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: agricultural damage
  topic: keywords
subject: damage assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: crop insurance
  topic: keywords
subject: climate risk
  topic: keywords
subject: remote sensing
  topic: keywords
creator: Adrian Przymuszala
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.1-27

VALUE ADJUSTMENT OR RISK ADJUSTMENT? PREMIUMS ANDDISCOUNTS IN CORPORATE VALUATION: THE CASE OF BROKERAGERECOMMENDATIONS
type: item
description: Corporate valuation is one of those areas of finance where the precision of a quantitative model must be supplemented by the analyst’s professional judgment. The value of a company is not solely the result of the mechanical application of the income, comparable, or transaction-based methods. It is also the result of interpreting characteristics of the entity being valued, such as the liquidity of its shares, the size of the company, its ownership structure, The literature on the subject indicates that premiums and discounts are among the more complex, yet subjectively prone, elements of the valuation process. Prusak (2014) emphasises that their application depends on the level of value being estimated, particularly on whether a controlling, minority, freely tradable, or transfer-restricted stake is being valued. Similarly, Damodaran (2005) points out that illiquidity can affect a company’s value both through a direct discount and by increasing the required rate of return. This means that the mere identification of risk does not yet determine how it should be accounted for in the valuation. The distinction between a discount and a risk premium is particularly significant. In this article, a discount is understood as an adjustment that directly reduces the value of the company, equity, or a specific block of shares. This primarily applies to discounts arising from 29 illiquidity, lack of control, holding-company status, and legal or economic constraints. Risk premiums are of a different nature; they do not increase the company's value but raise the discount rate, thereby reducing the present value of future cash flows. This group includes, among others, the size premium, the specific risk premium, the country risk premium, and the regulatory risk premium. This approach is consistent with the practice of estimating the cost of capital, in which a company’s additional risks may be accounted for by adjusting the cost of equity or the weighted average cost of capital (Gra…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: orporate valuation
  topic: keywords
subject: premiums and discounts
  topic: keywords
subject: illiquidity discount
  topic: keywords
subject: risk premium
  topic: keywords
subject: size premium
  topic: keywords
subject: cost of capital
  topic: keywords
subject: WACC
  topic: keywords
subject: brokerage recommendations
  topic: keywords
subject: analytical reports
  topic: keywords
subject: firm-specific risk
  topic: keywords
creator: Adrian Przymuszala
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 28
ending page: 51
doi: 10.53606/evfu.26.28-51

LINE OF THRUST AND ELASTIC EQUILIBRIUM IN MASONRY ARCHES
type: item
description: This paper investigates the role of geometric configuration as the primary factor governing the stability of massive masonry arch structures. Based on a historical and theoretical review of the development of analytical methods, followed by a parametric analysis, the influence of the main geometric ratios—rise-to-span (f/L) and thickness-to-span (t/L)—on the position of the line of thrust is evaluated. The results demonstrate that the stability of the arch directly depends on the geometrically admissible position of the internal compressive force flow within the effective cross-section. The analysis confirms that geometry represents a key criterion for the load-bearing capacity and limit-state behavior of masonry arch systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Architecture and Construction
  topic: category
subject: arched structures
  topic: keywords
subject: line of thrust
  topic: keywords
subject: inverted chain
  topic: keywords
subject: limit equilibrium
  topic: keywords
subject: graphical-analytical method
  topic: keywords
subject: theory of elasticity;
  topic: keywords
subject: force method
  topic: keywords
subject: geometric stability
  topic: keywords
subject: structural mechanics
  topic: keywords
subject: masonry structures
  topic: keywords
creator: Neli Trizlova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 909
ending page: 927
doi: 10.53606/evfu.25.909-927

ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD UNDER EXPLOSIVE SPALLING DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
type: item
description: The present study examines the fire hazard associated with the development of explosive spalling in reinforced concrete structures under fire exposure. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of concrete layer separation caused by thermal stresses and internal vapor pressure. The influence of explosive spalling on the reduction of the effective cross-section, exposure of reinforcement, and decrease in load-bearing capacity is analyzed. It is shown that the asymmetric loss of concrete cover may lead to eccentricity of the applied load and the occurrence of additional bending moments, which accelerate structural failure. The study also discusses the impact of this phenomenon on the overall fire resistance and structural reliability of buildings. Particular emphasis is placed on preventive protection measures aimed at reducing the risk of explosive spalling and improving structural fire safety.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Architecture and Construction
  topic: category
subject: fire hazard
  topic: keywords
subject: explosive spalling
  topic: keywords
subject: reinforced concrete structures
  topic: keywords
subject: fire resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: load-bearing capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: structural safety
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Chakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 888
ending page: 899
doi: 10.53606/evfu.25.888-899

SAFETY ENGINEERING IN THE EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTION EXCAVATIONS
type: item
description: The present study examines the main risks associated with the execution of construction excavations and the necessity of applying effective technical and organizational safety measures. The engineering and regulatory requirements related to slope stability, the influence of groundwater, and external loads acting on the soil mass are analyzed. The main factors leading to loss of stability and the occurrence of аварийни situations are identified. An engineering scheme of a supported excavation is presented, together with the analysis of a real accident caused by insufficient shoring and failure to comply with safety requirements. Based on the performed analysis, the main technical and organizational measures for risk reduction and improvement of safety during excavation works are formulated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Architecture and Construction
  topic: category
subject: construction excavations
  topic: keywords
subject: safety engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: slope stability
  topic: keywords
subject: excavation support
  topic: keywords
subject: risk assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: accident prevention
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariana Tsekova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 900
ending page: 908
doi: 10.53606/evfu.25.900-908

RETIREMENT PREPARATION AS A PREDICTOR OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING AMONG ISRAELI RETIREES: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL EXAMINATION
type: item
description: Retirement represents one of the most significant developmental transitions in later adulthood. Beyond the cessation of employment, retirement involves substantial psychological, social, economic, familial, and health-related changes that may influence an individual's overall well-being and quality of life. In contemporary aging societies, successful adaptation to retirement has become an increasingly important concern for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to examine the role of retirement preparation as a predictor of psychological well-being among Israeli retirees aged 60–70 years. Drawing upon contemporary gerontological theories, including Resource Theory, Continuity Theory, and the Life Course Perspective, the paper proposes a multidimensional framework in which retirement preparation contributes to successful adaptation across six interrelated domains: psychological, familial, social, economic, professional, and health adaptation. The literature suggests that individuals who engage in comprehensive retirement preparation are more likely to experience smoother transitions, stronger coping resources, greater life satisfaction, and higher levels of psychological well-being. Furthermore, multidimensional adaptation is expected to play a central role in facilitating positive retirement outcomes and maintaining quality of life throughout later adulthood. Despite growing scholarly interest in retirement and successful aging, limited research has examined retirement preparation as a multidimensional construct, particularly within the Israeli context. Therefore, this paper addresses an important gap in the literature by presenting an integrated conceptual model linking retirement preparation, multidimensional adaptation, and psychological well-being. The proposed framework may provide a foundation for future empirical research and contribute to the development of comprehensive retirement preparation programs designed …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychology
  topic: category
subject: Retirement Preparation
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Well-Being
  topic: keywords
subject: Retirement Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Successful Aging
  topic: keywords
subject: Gerontology
  topic: keywords
subject: Israeli Retirees
  topic: keywords
creator: Walid KhirAldin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 879
ending page: 887
doi: 10.53606/evfu.25.879-887

BANK LENDING AND HUMAN CAPITAL DYNAMICS IN BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LEVEL AND STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT (2009-2023)
type: item
description: This article examines the relationship between bank lending and human capital dynamics in Bulgarian agriculture over the period 2009-2023, focusing on the level and structure of employment. Drawing on annual data from the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) and the National Statistical Institute (NSI), it combines descriptive, correlation and regression analysis. The results reveal a moderate negative association between bank lending and total agricultural employment (Pearson's r = -0.554): a one-million-euro increase in lending corresponds, on average, to roughly thirty fewer employed persons. At the same time, the composition of employment shifts - the share of workers with higher education rises, while the workforce continues to age. These findings indicate that lending acts primarily as a driver of modernisation and labour-saving technological change rather than as a mechanism for expanding employment, and that its effect on human capital is mixed. On this basis, recommendations are formulated for improving access to credit and targeting financial instruments towards human capital development amid demographic pressures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economy
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subject: agricultural sector
  topic: keywords
subject: human capital
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subject: bank lending
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subject: employment structure
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subject: education
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subject: age structure
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subject: Bulgaria
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creator: Hristo Kostov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 866
ending page: 878