Open-access scientific articles in the following fields: Administration and Management Economics Informatics and Information Technologies Legal Sciences Psychology Social Activities Political Science and Public Communications Architecture and Construction Arts and Design Foreign Language Teaching Students’ Research Activities Archive - articles before 2024
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN INTELLIGENT REPORTING AND THE RELIABILITY OF REPORTING DATA
Digital development in accounting necessitates a shift towards cognitive integration driven by artificial intelligence. The aim of this article is to clarify the role of artificial intelligence as a driving factor in the development of an intelligent and sustainable reporting system. The results identify three key dimensions of the emerging reporting model: data multidimensionality, predictive capabilities, and real-time reporting. The study demonstrates that the application of machine learning algorithms and natural language processing (NLP) enables the assessment of unstructured information as well as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) indicators. The analysis confirms that emerging technologies enhance the control, reliability, and comparability of reporting data, creating conditions for more reliable information support for managerial decision-making. At the same time, the leading role of human professional judgment and responsibility in decision-making is maintained. Keywords:
Copyright (c) 2026 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTELLIGENT REPORTING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Against the backdrop of global digital transformation and the growing adoption of artificial intelligence, the study places the accounting function at the center of sustainable value management. Methodological correspondences between the concept of smart cities and emerging reporting models are analyzed. The main objective of the article is to substantiate a new conceptual framework for intelligent and sustainable reporting. The research outlines a vision for building a digital twin of the enterprise and applying hybrid reporting standards.
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND PLANNING IN NEXT-GENERATION PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Urbanization, climate change, and digitalization demand a shift in the management of urban systems. The aim of this study is to conduct a strategic analysis of next-generation public infrastructure. As a result, specific vulnerabilities and opportunities are identified through a SWOT analysis, key performance indicators are defined, and innovative financing schemes for the implementation of smart city projects are outlined.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FLOW AND MOTIVATIONAL DYNAMICS IN EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXAM PREPARATION, HOMEWORK COMPLETION, AND ASSIMILATION OF NEW STUDY MATERIALS
This study focuses on the analysis of psychological flow and motivational dynamics within the educational context, revealing how these factors influence student engagement and achievements. Utilizing a quantitative analysis and the Flow Psychological Scale (PFS), the research examines the relationships between states of psychological flow, intrinsic motivation, and educational outcomes across various educational scenarios, including exam preparation, homework completion, and the assimilation of new study materials. Key findings highlight the importance of creating an enriching educational environment that fosters psychological flow and supports intrinsic motivation, leading to higher educational efficiency and satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2024 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF SELF-REGULATORY STRATEGIES ON STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SCHOOL LIFE
The focal point of this article is the exploration of self-regulation and its application within the educational context as a critical factor for academic success and student development. The article discusses theoretical frameworks established by prominent psychologists such as Albert Bandura and the duo Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, highlighting the importance of self-monitoring, self-evaluation, self-reaction, and the role of intrinsic motivation and autonomy. Through a quantitative empirical study among 12th-grade students using the Academic Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-A), we analyze how self-regulatory skills impact academic achievements and learning motivation.
REBUILDING TRUST AFTER MARITAL INFIDELITY: AN ADLERIAN COUPLES THERAPY INTERVENTION
Marital infidelity represents a profound relational injury that can undermine trust, emotional intimacy, equality, and the sense of security within an intimate relationship. The present study examined the potential effectiveness of an Adlerian-based couples therapy intervention among couples who had experienced marital infidelity. An intervention-based design combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative component included 34 participants representing 17 married couples. Participants completed the Adlerian Social Interest Scale–Romantic Relationships (ASIS-RR) before and after a structured Adlerian couples therapy program consisting of 6–8 sessions. The qualitative component involved individual interviews before and after the intervention focusing on trust, intimacy, communication, emotions, belonging, self-concept, and forgiveness. Significant improvements were observed in Equality and Reciprocity in the Relationship, Support and Personal Growth, and Shared Activity, Affection, and Intimacy. No statistically significant improvements were observed in Dominance and Control, Suspicious Attitudes Toward the Partner, or Romantic Beliefs. The findings provide preliminary evidence that Adlerian intervention may contribute to improvements in cooperation, mutual support, emotional intimacy, and relational equality following marital betrayal. However, persistent suspicion and established patterns of control may require longer-term therapeutic work. Because the study used a small sample and did not include a control group or long-term follow-up, causal and generalizability conclusions should be drawn cautiously.
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS IN TRAUMA-FOCUSED PSYCHOTHERAPY: THE THERAPIST’S INNER EXPERIENCE, CLINICAL RISKS, AND PATHWAYS TO PROFESSIONAL RESILIENCE
Trauma-focused psychotherapy requires clinicians to remain emotionally engaged with patients whose histories may include violence, death, abuse, war, disaster, captivity, serious injury, and loss. Although the therapist is not the direct victim of the traumatic event, sustained empathic engagement may produce substantial emotional, cognitive, physiological, and interpersonal effects. Two constructs are particularly important in understanding these effects: countertransference and secondary traumatic stress. Countertransference concerns the therapist’s emotional and relational responses within the therapeutic encounter, whereas secondary traumatic stress refers to trauma-related symptoms arising through indirect exposure to another person’s traumatic experience. The two processes are distinct but may interact, particularly when trauma narratives activate the therapist’s personal history, threat responses, identification, helplessness, guilt, anger, or rescue impulses. This article provides a clinically oriented, literature-based analysis of the relationship between countertransference and secondary traumatic stress in trauma-focused psychotherapy. It distinguishes secondary traumatic stress from vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue, and burnout; reviews evidence concerning therapist vulnerability and personal trauma history; and examines the role of supervision, self-awareness, professional boundaries, workload, and organizational support. Contemporary evidence indicates that secondary traumatic stress is a meaningful occupational risk for some mental health professionals, although most professionals do not necessarily develop clinically significant distress. Research also indicates that effective countertransference management is associated with better psychotherapy outcomes. The article argues that therapist emotional responses should neither be denied nor automatically acted upon. Instead, they should be recognized as clinical information requiring reflection, supervision, and regulation. Protecting the therapist is presented not as an optional form of self-care but as an element of ethical and clinically competent trauma practice. An integrated framework is proposed in which patient trauma exposure, therapist characteristics, therapeutic relationship processes, and organizational conditions interact to influence risk and resilience.
THE ROLE OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN THE LEARNING PROCESS: AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENT PREFERENCES.
The current study focuses on analyzing motivation within an educational context, examining how various factors affect student engagement and achievements. The research aims to identify key motivational elements that either stimulate or undermine academic engagement and success. The methodology includes a quantitative analysis of survey data collected from a group of students to measure levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their impact on academic achievements.
CARE FOR THE EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING OF PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN INPATIENT MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS IN BULGARIA – KEY ASPECTS AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE
The article highlights the main highlights of the need to implement a set of practices affecting the emotional comfort and balance of workers in inpatient mental health centers in the Republic of Bulgaria. Caring for the emotional balance and quality of life of professionals working in such healthcare facilities differs from providing supervision, it is aimed directly at the better functioning of these specialists, and hence the correlation with the increased quality of the performance of professional duties. The main purpose of the article is to focus on the emotional health and quality of life of these professionals working with very severe mental pathology and abnormal behavior. In recent years in Bulgaria, in the field of mental health, the focus has been on improving the quality of life of people with mental disorders, with too little attention being paid to the well-being of professionals in clinical psychiatric practice.
STRATEGIC PARADIGMS IN CONTEMPORARY DESIGN EDUCATION:INTERDISCIPLINARY MARKETING AS A TOOL FOR DATA HUMANIZATION
This article examines the critical necessity of integrating strategic marketing thinking into the core of design education. In the era of Artificial Intelligence and algorithmic dominance, “pure” design is no longer sufficient to ensure professional sustainability. The central thesis argues that design represents a vital force capable of humanizing raw data and transforming it into meaningful human experiences. Through an analytical review of the educational process and selected student rebranding projects, the study demonstrates that the transformation of the “artist” into a “strategist” constitutes the only sustainable path toward creating brands that transcend the constraints of the digital matrix and resonate with authentic human needs. Particular emphasis is placed on the interdisciplinary educational model implemented at Varna Free University as a functioning laboratory for the development of future-oriented competencies
MECHANICAL INTERPRETATION OF PASSIVE HINGE FORMATION AND THE TRANSITION TO COLLAPSE MECHANISM IN HISTORIC MASONRY ARCHES
Historic masonry arches maintain their stability through the redistribution of internal forces and changes in the contact conditions between adjacent masonry units. This paper presents a mechanical interpretation of passive hinge formation and the transition to a collapse mechanism. It is shown that the presence of multiple visible cracks is not, by itself, sufficient evidence of structural instability, as the mechanical role of the hinge zones is the governing factor. The proposed approach is validated through the analysis of real historic masonry arches, and a practical algorithm for structural assessment during condition surveys is developed.
DECOMPRESSION, PASSIVE HINGES AND ADAPTED EQUILIBRIUM OF MASONRY ARCHES
Masonry arches are among the most widespread structural systems in the built architectural heritage, and their mechanical behavior is governed by the interaction between geometry, masonry properties, and the redistribution of internal forces. This paper proposes a hypothesis describing the mechanical behavior of masonry arches based on the sequential development of decompression, the formation of passive hinges, and the establishment of a new equilibrium state. It is assumed that the formation of three passive hinges transforms the arch into an adapted three-hinged system capable of sustaining the modified loading conditions, whereas the appearance of a fourth hinge results from local disturbances such as differential settlements, localized damage, or exceptional loading. The proposed mechanical model is illustrated through analytical interpretation and verified by means of documented case studies of historic masonry arch bridges exhibiting characteristic crack patterns and decompression zones. The results indicate that localized damage does not necessarily signify an imminent loss of load-bearing capacity but frequently represents a natural stage in the redistribution of internal forces and the structural adaptation of the arch to altered service conditions. The proposed approach provides a physically based framework for interpreting damage mechanisms, assessing the structural condition, and selecting appropriate conservation and strengthening measures for historic masonry structures.
ANALYZING THE PROCESS OF A GOOD DEATH: A SCOPING REVIEW
Background Dying well represents a major challenge for terminal patients, families, and healthcare staff due to emotional, existential, and structural barriers entailed in it. Aim To explore how terminal patients, families, and healthcare staff relate to the good death by synthesizing the existing empirical evidence through the prism of the SWOT framework. Design A scoping review was conducted to identify and outline key factors enhancing or hindering the process of the good death. Data Sources A systematic search via PubMed and JSTOR was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Thirteen empirical studies addressing terminal patients in hospital, hospice, or home care settings were reviewed. Results Strengths included a preference for dying at home, effective symptom management, and applying supportive interventions for terminal patients and families. Weaknesses involved inadequate support, limited patient participation in decision-making, and ethical dilemmas delaying end-of-life care. Opportunities focused on improving symptom management with emotional support and strengthening patient- and family-centered care. Threats included overmedicalization, overtreatment, and ethical challenges that hinder a good death. Conclusion The good death extends beyond symptom relief and physical condition. Ensuring more patient-centered communication, provision of emotional support, effective symptom management, and overcoming ethical barriers are essential to ensure a good death.
ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF PRISONERS AND OFFENDERS: A COMPARATIVE APPLICATION OF BULGARIAN AND ALBANIAN LEGISLATION
Electronic monitoring has become one of the most important instruments through which contemporary criminal justice systems seek to reduce unnecessary deprivation of liberty while preserving public safety, procedural compliance and the authority of judicial decisions. This study examines the legal architecture of electronic monitoring in Bulgaria and Albania, with particular attention to its application to prisoners, probationers, persons under house arrest and persons whose movement is restricted by a judicial decision. The Bulgarian model is analysed through the Law on the Execution of Punishments and Detention in Custody, the Criminal Procedure Code and the implementing regulation on electronic monitoring. The Albanian model is analysed through Law No. 10 494 of 22 December 2011, the probation framework and the institutional role of the Probation Service and the State Police. In addition to the comparative legal analysis, the study integrates an empirical questionnaire administered to 200 professionals, including 130 employees of penitentiary institutions and 70 employees of the Probation Service. The findings show a high professional acceptance of electronic monitoring as an alternative to imprisonment, but also identify insufficient technical capacity, partial training, lack of uniform protocols and the need for stronger legal and institutional safeguards. The study argues that electronic monitoring should not be treated as a merely technical substitute for imprisonment. Its legitimacy depends on legality, proportionality, risk assessment, data protection, rehabilitation-oriented supervision and independent control.
THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF IFRS S1 AND IFRS S2 IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED CORPORATE DISCLOSURE
The study presents IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 as foundational elements of the new global regulatory framework for sustainability‑oriented corporate reporting, established by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). These standards are positioned as the cornerstone of sustainability‑related disclosure, aiming to ensure conceptual consistency, methodological clarity, and global comparability of corporate reporting practices. From a theoretical perspective, the study highlights the integration between financial and non‑financial reporting, introduced by the ISSB framework through the principle of connectivity of information. IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 do not treat sustainability as a separate or peripheral component, but rather as an integral part of financial information (even when referred to as “non‑financial”), relevant to the assessment of future cash flows, access to financing, and the cost of capital. Their investor‑oriented focus aligns with the traditional logic of IFRS, yet simultaneously conveys the message that enterprises should not perceive sustainability as an ethical declaration, but as a financially material managerial priority. At the same time, the study reveals the complexity of the practical implementation of the standards. The requirements of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 necessitate the development of sophisticated internal systems for data collection, processing, and verification, as well as a high degree of organizational coordination. This transforms sustainability reporting into a resource‑intensive process, demanding significant analytical, technological, and administrative capacity. Special attention is given to sector‑specificity, which the ISSB framework addresses through the integration of the SASB standards. Their role is presented as critical for ensuring analytical depth and relevance of disclosures, since the general principles of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 alone cannot capture the diversity of industry‑specific risks and opportunities. Thus, SASB is framed not as a rigid set of mandatory indicators, but as a methodological instrument, guiding the identification of material sustainability topics in accordance with the principle of financial materiality. In an academic context, the study has several dimensions. On the one hand, it offers an analytical interpretation of the ISSB framework by systematizing the key concepts, principles, and requirements of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2. On the other hand, it possesses pedagogical value, as it presents a complex regulatory architecture in a structured, logically coherent, and methodologically sound manner, making it suitable for teaching in fields such as sustainability, corporate governance, financial reporting, and ESG analysis.
Sustainability-Oriented Corporate Disclosure
AFFECT TOLERANCE UNDER ACTIVATION: A COMPARATIVE REGULATORY MODEL OF TRAUMA-FOCUSED THERAPIES
According to comparative efficacy studies and despite the numerous different trauma-focused psychotherapies currently in existence, the difference in efficacy between them is minimal. This paper argues that instead of focusing on comparing outcomes, a structural question is worth exploring. Namely, how exactly do these different treatments organize the emotional regulation work that patients must perform during trauma processing? This article develops a Comparative Regulatory Model, understanding diverse trauma-focused therapies as different variants of the same structural sequence, Activation → Dysregulation → Modulation → Integration, and establishing affect tolerance under activation as the central assessment variable. This model does not classify the superiority or inferiority of various treatment modalities. Its analytical purpose is to establish a common theoretical language for comparing the structures of different trauma treatments.
Since ancient times, there has been a belief that sometimes suffering, challenges and struggles can lead to positive personal or societal changes, even when they leave indelible scars and lasting wounds from the experience. This article seeks a therapeutic way out of traumatic injury by examining some of the available theories and practices, such as resilience and post-traumatic growth, developed to overcome the problem of trauma and achieve a positive outcome. This article also contains materials that are a continuation of the questions raised in the study “Trauma in a Religious Context” by finding corresponding growth zones in one of the five established psychological areas of PTR, which includes: Spiritual or existential change: Development of new and deeper spiritual beliefs, a sense of higher purpose or a change in one’s own philosophy of life. (1), (2), (3), (4).
THE RISE OF EMOTIONAL DYSREGULATION AMONG STUDENTS IN ISRAEL:PRESENTING THE PROBLEM AND THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE GAP
Israel's education system faces a marked rise in emotional dysregulation among students, significantly exacerbated by the psychosocial consequences of two defining crises: the COVID-19 pandemic, including the closure of educational institutions, disruption of routine, and social isolation, and the events of October 7, 2023, and the ongoing war, which gave rise to anxiety, trauma, and sustained security uncertainty. Data from the National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education (RAMA, 2024) indicate that only 58% of students feel their teachers listen to and care for them; 36% report difficulty controlling themselves when angry. Emotional regulation, the ability to manage, understand, and adaptively control emotions, is a central factor in academic, social, and psychological success. Nevertheless, a significant research gap exists in the Israeli context: no systematic study has examined the psychological mechanisms influencing emotional regulation development among elementary school students, particularly the role of relationships with significant adult figures, against the backdrop of recent crises. This article presents the scope of the problem, reviews the relevant literature, and identifies the existing knowledge gap.
PYRAMID ANALYSIS IN AN MS EXCEL ENVIRONMENT
Return on equity is an important summary indicator for evaluating business efficiency. A detailed study of this indicator using pyramid analysis models provides different perspectives on the main aspects of the business and contributes to making strategic and tactical management decisions. This paper aims to present possibilities for embedding a pyramid analysis model in an MS Excel environment in order to automate some procedures when performing a factor analysis of the return on equity and when forecasting the dynamics of the indicator level under different methods of financing investments.
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL BARRIERS IN THE TRANSITION TO SMART CITIES IN BULGARIA
The transition to smart cities in Bulgaria is particularly important for sustainable urban development. However, it is being delayed due to serious financial barriers and market imperfections. Traditional budget subsidies have been exhausted, which necessitates the exploration of new market mechanisms. The article identifies the severity of financial constraints facing Bulgarian municipalities based on an empirical survey among 43 experts and the definition of a working strategic framework of alternative financial instruments. The analysis outlines six main problems. The most serious are the lack of targeted state funding, limited access to European programs due to lack of capacity and weak interest from private capital. A complex set of green bonds, social impact bonds and shared venture capital funds tied to performance indicators (KPI) is proposed as a solution.
STRATEGIC VISION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITY SYSTEMS IN BULGARIA
Dynamic climate and technological changes are placing new demands on urban spaces. In Bulgaria, there is a strong contrast in digital readiness between large and small municipalities. This study aims to define a long-term strategic vision for the transition to smart city systems in our country, tailored to national and local specificities. Through the application of Gap analysis, critical gaps in technological integration, cybersecurity, human resource capacity and the regulatory framework in the country have been identified. As a result of the analysis, a conceptual model has been developed, built around four main pillars (technological, environmental, civic and governance), and a Roadmap for phased institutional development and full systemic integration of the Bulgarian smart city has been proposed.
STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING THROUGH THE HIRA HYBRID INTELLIGENT MODEL
This article examines the urgent need to overcome traditional and rigid approaches to personnel management within the domestic pulp and paper industry. The main objective of the study is to identify current deficits in competency management within the sector and to propose a new proprietary model, HIRA, for agile and intelligent planning. Based on the conducted empirical study and the subsequent validation, the practical benefits of the model are demonstrated, resulting in a significant increase in the objectivity of personnel evaluation and the speed of response to production deficits.
MANAGEMENT OF THE ROUTER’S INPUT BUFFER FOR MPP COMPUTERS WITH A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECT NETWORK
Data flow control in routers — which are among the main functional units in multiprocessor MPP systems — allocates their buffers and channel bandwidth to data units (packets and flits). Efficient implementation of this mechanism is essential for achieving high throughput and low latency. In this paper, a variant of input buffer control for receiving data into a selected FIFO queue of a router for a Double-loop Hypercube (DLH) interconnect network is presented. The analysis is performed at the low (hardware) level over a bidirectional full-duplex channel using Virtual Cut-Through flow control. Control state machines, their operating algorithms, and control signals are presented. The software component developed on this basis implements simulations of queue allocation and release during receiving data. The obtained results prove the correctness of the architectural solutions used – a high degree of utilization of the input channels, their frequency bandwidth, and throughput is achieved.
Informatics and Information Technologies
PACKET TRANSFER BETWEEN ROUTERS WITH CUT-THROUGH FLOW CONTROL FOR MPP COMPUTERS CONNECTED IN A DOUBLE-LOOP HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECTION NETWORK
Data flow control on the routers connecting the nodes in multiprocessor MPP systems allocates their buffers and the bandwidth of their channels to the data units – packets and flits. The efficient implementation of data transfer is of essential importance for achieving high throughput and low latency. In this paper, a study of a variant of packet transfer between the output channel and the input buffer of two neighboring routers for a Double-loop Hypercube (DLH) interconnection network is presented. The transfer is implemented at a low (hardware) level over a bidirectional full-duplex channel using Virtual Cut-Through flow control. The functional units required for this purpose, their operating algorithms, and the control signals are presented. The software component developed on this basis implements the packet transfer simulation and verifies the correctness of the architectural solutions through the obtained results. The chosen approach achieves high speed in resource switching at the beginning and the end of the transmission, as well as a high degree of channel utilization and throughput. Keywords:
AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING APPROACH FOR TEACHING DIFFIE – HELLMAN KEY EXCHANGE PROTOCOL
The article presents an interactive learning approach for teaching the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. The proposed framework combines structured exercises with an interactive web-based simulation that visualizes each stage of the protocol. The learning process is organized into a sequence of tasks, starting from modular arithmetic and leading to full protocol execution and security analysis. The approach was implemented with first-year Cybersecurity and DevOps students and evaluated through a questionnaire assessing learners’ perceptions of understanding and usability. Results indicate that students reported improved understanding of the Diffie-Hellman protocol and found the visual and interactive elements helpful in understanding the computation of the shared secret. Participants also reported that the simulation helped them follow the sequence of operations in the protocol and improved engagement compared to traditional manual problem-solving. Future work will focus on controlled experimental evaluation and extension of the framework to additional public-key cryptographic algorithms.
REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE COMPETENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023–2024
The article examines the changing requirements for human resource competencies in the context of the UNDP Human Development Report 2023–2024. It focuses on global stagnation, growing inequalities, climate and geopolitical crises, digital transformation, and political polarization as key drivers reshaping the profile of required knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The paper argues that the traditional human capital paradigm is insufficient and that a broader understanding of human agency, collective participation, and the capacity to manage uncertainty is needed. Special attention is given to the role of higher education as a critical institutional mediator for developing systems thinking, digital and AI literacy, resilience, collective action, and civic engagement. The article concludes that university curricula and skills policies need to be transformed in order to support a more equitable, sustainable, and adaptive model of social development.
Administration, Management and Economics
Copyright (c) 2025 E-Journal VFU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CRIME UNDER ART. 343B, PAR. 3 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE IMPERATIVE REQUIREMENT THAT THE USE OF NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES BE “ESTABLISHED IN A LAWFUL MANNER”
The act constituting the offense under Article 343b, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code consists of driving a motor vehicle after using narcotic substances or their analogues, established in a lawful manner. The offense is a violation in itself, and for it to be addressed, it is sufficient, from an objective point of view, that the act be committed, without the need for a specific harmful result to occur. For the elements of the offense under Article 343b, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code to be met, in addition to the act of driving a motor vehicle, the law requires that another constituent element be fulfilled, namely that the driving of the motor vehicle be carried out after the use of narcotic substances or their analogues. The method of establishing this circumstance in a lawful manner is also the main point of contention of this article.
driving a motor vehicle after using drugs
ON THE UNEQUAL DISPOSITION OF THE PROBATIONARY SENTENCED OFFENDERS COMPARED TO THE EFFECTIVELY SENTENCED IN JUDICIAL REHABILITATION
The issue of the unequal treatment of offenders who have received suspended sentences compared to those serving actual prison terms in the application of judicial rehabilitation under Article 87(1) of the Criminal Code has not been subjected to a comprehensive scholarly analysis in the legal literature. Within the criminal law academic community, only certain legal aspects related to the cumulative conditions prescribed by law for granting judicial rehabilitation have been discussed. Thus, the first prerequisite—which requires that, within three years of the expiration of the sentence imposed by the judge or reduced through community service or a pardon, the convicted person has not committed another crime punishable by imprisonment or a more severe penalty—even though it is grammatically clear—poses significant difficulties in practice when it comes to its interpretation. These difficulties stem from the conflict between Article 88a, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Code and the fundamental rule of rehabilitation outlined in Article 87, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code, and boil down to answering the question of when the three-year period under Article 87, paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code begins to run — from the moment the sentence imposed by the judgment, or the sentence reduced through community service or a pardon, expires, but not before the probationary period expires; or from the moment the probationary period expires, provided that no other crime was committed during that period that would have justified the activation of the suspended sentence. Although case law
FRANÇOIS DELSART AS A CONCEPTUAL PREDECESSOR OF MODERN DANCE
The article examines and analyzes the role of François Delsarte as one of the principal forerunners of modern dance and explores the influence of his theory of expressive movement on the development of dance art during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The philosophical and aesthetic principles of Delsarte's system are analyzed, emphasizing the relationship between inner experience and outward gesture, as well as the unity of body, mind and emotion. Special attention is devoted to the dissemination of Delsartism in the United States through the work of Steele MacKaye and Genevieve Stebbins, who adapted and popularized the method, transforming it into the foundation of a new approach to stage practice and pedagogy. The study traces the impact of these ideas on the artistic concepts of Isadora Duncan, the Denishawn School, and Martha Graham, whose understanding of natural movement, the body's center, and emotional expressiveness may be regarded as a continuation of the fundamental principles established by Delsarte. The paper also examines the European line of influence through the systems of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Rudolf Laban, Kurt Jooss and Pina Bausch, demonstrating the continuity between Delsarte's conception of movement as a bearer of meaning and the emergence of contemporary dance theatre. On this basis, it argues that François Delsarte's contribution extends far beyond the field of actor training and should be recognized as
RELATIONSHIP DISSATISFACTION AS A FACTOR FOR INFIDELITY
Satisfying marital and romantic relationships are highly valued by people all over the world. Relationship satisfaction is a well-researched predictor of subjective well-being, mental and physical health, and longevity, while relationship dissatisfaction is considered by many researchers to be a major cause of separation and divorce. Among the most dramatic consequences of low relationship satisfaction is the increased vulnerability to infidelity. This article examines relationship dissatisfaction as one of the main predictors of infidelity, from the perspective of three important aspects – lack of love, incompatibility between partners, and an unfavorable ratio between the benefits of the relationship and the costs it requires. A better understanding of the problems in couples that lead to relationship dissatisfaction may help to build on and enrich existing therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing infidelity or managing its consequences.